Kutumiza magetsi amphamvu kwambiri ku China

Kutumiza magetsi amphamvu kwambiri (UHV electricity transmission) kwakhala kukugwiritsidwa ntchito ku China kuyambira mu 2009 potumiza magetsi a alternating current (AC) ndi direct current (DC) pamtunda wautali wolekanitsa mphamvu za China ndi ogula. Kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu za AC ndi DC kukupitirirabe kuti kugwirizane ndi zosowa za magetsi komanso kuchepetsa kutayika kwa magetsi. Kusintha kwa decarbonization kudzachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kupanga mphamvu zochepa, komwe kuli pafupi ndi gombe, ndi kupanga kwamakono kogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso kuipitsa pang'ono pafupi ndi mphamvu.

Chiyambi

Kuyambira mu 2004, kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ku China kwakhala kukukula kwambiri chifukwa cha kukula kwa mafakitale. Kusowa kwa magetsi mu 2005 kunakhudza momwe makampani ambiri aku China amagwirira ntchito. Kuyambira pamenepo, China yakhala ikuyika ndalama zambiri pakupereka magetsi kuti ikwaniritse zosowa za mafakitale ndikulimbikitsa kukula kwachuma. Mphamvu yopangira mphamvu yokhazikika yayambira pa 443 GW kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2004 kufika pa 793 GW kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2008. Kuwonjezeka kwa zaka zinayi izi kukufanana ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mphamvu yonse ya United States, kapena kuchulukitsa mphamvu yonse ya Japan nthawi 1.4. Munthawi yomweyi, mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito pachaka yakweranso kuchoka pa 2,197 TWh kufika pa 3,426 TWh. Kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ku China kukuyembekezeka kufika pa 6,800–6,900 TWh pofika chaka cha 2018 kuchokera pa 4,690 TWh mu 2011, ndipo mphamvu yoyikidwayo yafika pa 1,463 GW kuchokera pa 1,056 GW mu 2011, pomwe 342 GW ndi mphamvu yamadzi, 928 GW yoyendetsedwa ndi malasha, 100 GW mphepo, 43GW nyukiliya, ndi 40GW gasi wachilengedwe. China ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito magetsi mu 2011.

Kutumiza ndi kugawa

Pankhani yogawa ndi kutumiza, dzikolo layang'ana kwambiri pakukulitsa mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa kutayika mwa:

1. kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira magetsi ya ultra-high-voltage direct current (UHVDC) yakutali komanso njira yotumizira magetsi ya ultra-high-voltage alternating current (UHVAC)

2.kukhazikitsa ma transformer achitsulo osapanga mawonekedwe apamwamba

Kutumiza kwa UHV padziko lonse lapansi

Ma transmission a UHV ndi ma circuit angapo a UHVAC amangidwa kale m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, ma circuit a 1,150 kV okwana 2,362 km adamangidwa ku USSR yakale, ndipo ma circuit a 1,000 kV AC okwana 427 km adapangidwa ku Japan (Kita-Iwaki powerline). Ma skeleton osiyanasiyana oyesera amapezekanso m'maiko ambiri. Komabe, ma circuit ambiriwa akugwira ntchito pamagetsi otsika chifukwa cha kufunikira kosakwanira kwa mphamvu kapena zifukwa zina. Pali zitsanzo zochepa za UHVDC. Ngakhale kuti pali ma circuit ambiri a ±500 kV (kapena pansi pake) padziko lonse lapansi, ma circuit okhawo omwe ali pamwamba pa malire awa ndi makina otumizira magetsi a Hydro-Québec pa 735 kV AC (kuyambira 1965, 11 422 km kutalika mu 2018) ndi projekiti ya Itaipu ±600 kV ku Brazil. Ku Russia, ntchito yomanga pa mzere wa 2400 km bipolar ±750 kV DC, HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre inayamba mu 1978 koma sinamalizidwe. Ku USA kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, chingwe chamagetsi cha 1333 kV chinakonzedwa kuchokera ku Celilo Converter Station kupita ku Hoover Dam. Pachifukwa ichi chingwe chamagetsi chachifupi choyesera pafupi ndi Celilo Converter Station chinamangidwa, koma chingwe chopita ku Hoover Dam sichinamangidwepo.

Zifukwa za kufalikira kwa UHV ku China

Chisankho cha China chofuna kutumiza magetsi a UHV chimachokera ku mfundo yakuti mphamvu zili kutali ndi malo otumizira magetsi. Zambiri mwa mphamvu zamagetsi zili kumadzulo, ndipo malasha ali kumpoto chakumadzulo, koma katundu wambiri ali kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera. Pofuna kuchepetsa kutayika kwa magetsi kufika pamlingo wosavuta, kutumiza magetsi a UHV ndi chisankho chanzeru. Monga momwe State Grid Corporation ya ku China idalengezera pa Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse wa UHV Power Transmission ku Beijing mu 2009, China idzayika ndalama zokwana RMB 600 biliyoni (pafupifupi US$88 biliyoni) mu chitukuko cha UHV kuyambira pano mpaka 2020.

Kukhazikitsa gridi ya UHV kumathandiza kumanga malo opangira magetsi atsopano, oyera, komanso ogwira ntchito bwino kutali ndi malo okhala anthu ambiri. Malo opangira magetsi akale m'mphepete mwa nyanja adzachotsedwa ntchito. Izi zichepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuipitsa komwe kulipo, komanso kuipitsa komwe anthu okhala m'mizinda amamva. Kugwiritsa ntchito malo opangira magetsi akuluakulu omwe amapereka magetsi otenthetsera sikuwononganso mphamvu kuposa ma boiler omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsera m'nyengo yozizira m'mabanja ambiri akumpoto. Malo opangira magetsi a UHV athandiza dongosolo la China lopereka magetsi ndi kuchepetsa mpweya woipa, ndikulola kuphatikiza mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso mwa kuchotsa vuto la kutumiza magetsi lomwe likulepheretsa kukula kwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa pomwe likukulitsa msika wamagalimoto amagetsi akutali ku China.

Mabwalo a UHV atha kapena akumangidwa

Pofika mu 2021, mabwalo ogwirira ntchito a UHV ndi awa:

 

Mizere ya UHV yomwe ikukonzekera kukonzedwa/yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi iyi:

 

Mkangano pa UHV

Pali mkangano wokhudza ngati ntchito yomanga yomwe ikuperekedwa ndi State Grid Corporation of China ndi njira yoti ikhale yokhazikika komanso yolimbana ndi kusintha kwa gridi yamagetsi.

Pangano la Paris lisanakhazikitsidwe, lomwe linapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kothetsa malasha, mafuta ndi gasi, pakhala pali mkangano pa UHV kuyambira mu 2004 pamene State Grid Corporation of China inapereka lingaliro la kumanga UHV. Mkanganowu wakhala ukuyang'ana pa UHVAC pomwe lingaliro la kumanga UHVDC lavomerezedwa kwambiri. Nkhani zomwe zimakambidwa kwambiri ndi zinayi zomwe zatchulidwa pansipa.

1. Nkhani zachitetezo ndi kudalirika: Pamene magetsi akuchulukirachulukira, magetsi padziko lonse lapansi alumikizidwa kwambiri. Ngati ngozi yachitika mumzere umodzi, zimakhala zovuta kuchepetsa mphamvu ya magetsi kudera laling'ono. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mwayi woti magetsi azimitsidwa ukuwonjezeka. Komanso, akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha uchigawenga.
   
2. Vuto la Msika: Mizere ina yonse yotumizira magetsi ya UHV padziko lonse lapansi pakadali pano ikugwira ntchito pamagetsi otsika chifukwa palibe kufunikira kokwanira. Kuthekera kwa kutumiza magetsi mtunda wautali kukufunika kafukufuku wozama. Ngakhale kuti zinthu zambiri zamakala zili kumpoto chakumadzulo, n'zovuta kumanga malo opangira magetsi a malasha kumeneko chifukwa amafunika madzi ambiri ndipo ndi zinthu zochepa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China. Komanso ndi chitukuko cha zachuma kumadzulo kwa China, kufunikira kwa magetsi kwakhala kukukula kwambiri zaka zino.
3. Mavuto azachilengedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito: Akatswiri ena amanena kuti mizere ya UHV sidzapulumutsa malo ambiri poyerekeza ndi kumanga njanji zowonjezera kuti ziwonjezere mayendedwe a malasha komanso kupanga magetsi am'deralo. Chifukwa cha vuto la kusowa kwa madzi, kumanga malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi malasha kumadzulo kukulepheretsedwa. Vuto lina ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino magetsi. Kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha ndi mphamvu pamodzi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumawononga mphamvu zambiri kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ochokera ku mizere yotumizira magetsi yakutali.
   
4. Nkhani ya zachuma: Ndalama zonse zomwe zayikidwa zikuyerekeza kukhala 270 biliyoni RMB (pafupifupi US$40 biliyoni), zomwe ndi zodula kwambiri kuposa kumanga njanji yatsopano yonyamulira malasha.

Popeza UHV imapereka mwayi wotumiza mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kuchokera kumadera akutali omwe ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kokhazikitsa mphamvu zazikulu za mphepo ndi ma photovoltaic. SGCC yatchula mphamvu ya mphepo ya 200 GW m'chigawo cha Xinjiang.

Sichuan D&F Electric Co., Ltd.Monga opanga otsogola pa zipangizo zotetezera magetsi, zida zotetezera magetsi, bala la mabasi lolimba, bala la basi lolimba la mkuwa ndi bala la basi losinthasintha, ndife amodzi mwa ogulitsa akuluakulu a zida zotetezera magetsi ndi bala la basi lolimba la mapulojekiti a UHVDC awa aboma. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, chonde pitani patsamba langa kuti mudziwe zambiri za zinthuzi.